Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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A widely used expression plasmid containing a -galactosidase gene

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The Plant Variety Act

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A series of triplet codons beginning from a specific nucleotide

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Characterized as having a phenotype expressed only when both copies of the gene are mutated or missing.

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Recessive(-acting) oncogene, (anti-oncogene)

A single copy of this gene is sufficient to suppress cell proliferation; the loss of both copies of the gene contributes to cancer formation

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Recognition sequence (site)

A nucleotide sequence--composed typically of 4, 6, or 8 nucleotides--that is recognized by a restriction endonuclease

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A cell that results from recombination of genes.

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Recombinant DNA

The process of cutting and recombining DNA fragments from different sources as a means to isolate genes or to alter their structure and function.

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Recombination frequency

The frequency at which crossing over occurs between two chromosomal loci--the probability that two loci will become unlinked during meiosis.

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Regulatory gene

A gene whose protein controls the activity of other genes or metabolic pathways.

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Relaxed circle plasmid

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Relaxed plasmid

A plasmid that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome and is present in 10-500 copies per cell

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The reannealing (hydrogen bonding) of single- stranded DNA and/or RNA to form a duplex molecule.

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A chromosomal region containing the DNA sequences necessary to initiate DNA replication processes.

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A DNA-binding protein in prokaryotes that blocks gene transcription by binding to the operator.

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Restriction endonuclease (enzyme)

A class of endonucleases that cleaves DNA after recognizing a specific sequence, such as BamH1 (GGATCC), EcoRI (GAATTC), and HindIII (AAGCTT)

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Restriction map

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Restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP)

Differences in nucleotide sequence between alleles at a chromosomal locus result in restriction fragments of varying lengths detected by Southern anal

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A member of a class of RNA viruses that utilizes the enzyme reverse transcriptase to reverse copy its genome into a DNA intermediate, which integrates

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Reverse genetics

Using linkage analysis and polymorphic markers to isolate a disease gene in the absence of a known metabolic defect, then using the DNA sequence of th

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Reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase)

An enzyme isolated from retrovirus-infected cells that synthesizes a complementary (c)DNA strand from an RNA template.

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See Restriction-fragment-length polymorphism.

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Bacteria in a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants that results in nitrogen fixation

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The soils region on and around plant roots.

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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

The RNA component of the ribosome

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Cellular organelle that is the site of protein synthesis during translation

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Ribosome-binding site

The region of an mRNA molecule that binds the ribosome to initiate translation.

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See Catalytic RNA.

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RNA (ribonucleic acid)

An organic acid composed of re- peating nucleotide units of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, whose ribose components are linked by phosphodiest

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Transcribes RNA from a DNA template

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See Ribosomal RNA.

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A genus of rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria that are a common cause of food poisoning.

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Satellite RNA (viroids)

A small, self-splicing RNA molecule that accompanies several plant viruses, including tobacco ringspot virus.

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Selectable marker

A gene whose expression allows one to identify cells that have been transforrned or transfected with a vector containing the marker gene

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Self-pollination

Pollen of one plant is transferred to the female part of the same plant or another plant with the same genetic makeup.

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Semiconservative replication

During DNA duplication, each strand of a parent DNA molecule is a template for the synthesis of its new complementary strand

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Sequence hypothesis

Francis Crick\'s seminal concept that genetic information exists as a linear DNA code; DNA and protein sequence are colinear

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Sequence-tagged site (STS)

A unique (single-copy) DNA sequence used as a mapping landmark on a chromosome.

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Sexual reproduction

The process where two cells (gametes) fuse to form one hybrid, fertilized cell

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Signal transduction

The biochemical events that conduct the signal of a hormone or growth factor from the cell exterior, through the cell membrane, and into the cytoplasm

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Site-directed mutagenesis

The process of introducing spe- cific base-pair mutations into a gene.

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Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Short RNA transcripts of 100-300 bp that associate with proteins to form small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), which participate in RNA

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See Small nuclear RNA.

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Any nongerm cell that composes the body of an organism and which possesses a set of multiploid chromosomes (diploid in most organisms)

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Somatic cell gene therapy

The repair or replacement of a defective gene within somatic tissue

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See Human growth hormone.

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Southern blotting

See Southern hybridization.

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Southern hybridization (Southern blotting)

A procedure in which DNA restriction fragments are transferred from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter, where the denatured DNA is then hybridi

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A classification of related organisms that can freely interbreed.

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473AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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