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Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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MonocultureThe agricultural practice of cultivating crops consisting of genetically similar organisms. 
английский
MonogenicControlled by or associated with a single gene. 
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Movable genetic element(See Transposon.) 
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mRNASee Messenger RNA. 
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Multi-locus probeA probe that hybridizes to a number of different sites in the genome of an organism 
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MutagenAny agent or process that can cause mutations 
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MutationAn alteration in DNA structure or sequence of a gene 
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MutualismSee Symbiosis. 
английский
MycorrhizaeFungi that form symbiotic relationships with roots of more developed plants. 
английский
National Institutions of Health (NIH)A nonregulatory agency which has oversight of research activities that the agency funds. 
английский
National Science Foundation (NSF)A nonregulatory agency which has oversight of biotechnology research activities that the agency funds. 
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Natural selectionThe differential survival and reproduc- tion of organisms with genetic characteristics that enable them to better utilize environmental resources. 
английский
Nick translationA procedure for making a DNA probe in which a DNA fragment is treated with DNase to produce single-stranded nicks, followed by incorporation of radioa 
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Nicked circle (relaxed circle)During extraction of plasmid DNA from the bacterial cell, one strand of the DNA becomes nicked 
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NIHSee National Institutes of Health. 
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NitrocelluloseA membrane used to immobilize DNA, RNA, or protein, which can then be probed with a labeled sequence or antibody. 
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Nitrogen fixationThe conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to biologically usable nitrates. 
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Nitrogenous basesThe purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine, and uracil) that comprise DNA and RNA molecules. 
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NoduleThe enlargement or swelling on roots of nitrogen- fixing plants 
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Nontarget organismAn organism which is affected by an interaction for which it was not the intended recipient. 
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Northern blottingSee Northern hybridization. 
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Northern hybridization(Northern blotting) 
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NSFSee National Science Foundation. 
английский
NucleaseA class of enzymes that degrades DNA and/or RNA molecules by cleaving the phosphodiester bonds that link adjacent nucleotides 
английский
Nucleic acidsThe two nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are made up of long chains of molecules called nucleotides 
английский
NucleinThe term used by Friedrich Miescher to describe the nuclear material he discovered in 1869, which today is known as DNA. 
английский
NucleosideA building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nitrogenous base linked to a five carbon sugar 
английский
Nucleoside analogA synthetic molecule that resembles a naturally occuring nucleoside, but that lacks a bond site needed to link it to an adjacent nucleotide 
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NucleotideA building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group 
английский
NucleusThe membrane-bound region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the chromosomes. 
английский
Occupational Safety and Health ActSee Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 
английский
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)One of the U.S 
английский
OligonucleotideA DNA polymer composed of only a few nucleotides 
английский
OncogeneA gene that contributes to cancer formation when mutated or inappropriately expressed 
английский
OncogenesisThe progression of cytological, genetic, and cellular changes that culminate in a malignant tumor. 
английский
Open pollinationPollination by wind, insects, or other natural mechanisms. 
английский
Open reading frameA long DNA sequence that is unin- terrupted by a stop codon and encodes part or all of a protein 
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OperatorA prokaryotic regulatory element that interacts with a repressor to control the transcription of adjacent structural genes. 
английский
OrganelleA cell structure that carries out a specialized function in the life of a cell. 
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Origin of replicationThe nucleotide sequence at which DNA synthesis is initiated. 
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OSHASee Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 
английский
Overlapping reading framesStart codons in different reading frames generate different polypeptides from the same DNA sequence 
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OvumA female gamete. 
английский
PaleontologyThe study of the fossil record of past geo- logical periods and of the phylogenetic relationships between ancient and contemporary plant and animal sp 
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PalindromeSee Palindromic sequence. 
английский
Palindromic sequenceA DNA locus whose 5\'-to-3\' sequence is identical on each DNA strand 
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pAMPAmpicillin-resistant plasmid developed for this laboratory course 
английский
ParasitismThe closee association of two or more dissimilar organisms where the association is harmful to at least one 
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PathogenOrganism which can cause disease in another organism. 
английский
pBR322A derivation of ColE1, one of the first plasmid vectors widely used 
английский
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